When Americans think of WWII, they often recall D-Day and France—but the U.S. Army’s first European combat came in an unexpected place: North Africa, in November 1942, against French forces. From this uncertain start, an inexperienced Dwight Eisenhower began his rise to Supreme Allied Commander.

After North Africa came Sicily—taken in six weeks—followed by a brutal campaign up Italy’s mountainous terrain. The Italian front, fought by a multinational Allied force, was one of the war’s most grueling.

Key figures emerged: Audie Murphy, the most decorated U.S. soldier; Colonel Felix Sparks, who helped liberate Dachau; and Sgt. Guy Prestia of Pittsburgh’s 45th Division. Cartoonist Bill Mauldin captured the frontline experience through “Willie and Joe,” earning a Pulitzer Prize.

This lecture explores the Mediterranean theater—North Africa, Sicily, and Italy—where the Allies gained the experience and leadership needed to win in Europe.